⚛ Physics Calculators — Mechanics, Waves, Optics, Thermodynamics, Relativity
Solve classical mechanics, waves, optics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism and modern physics problems. All tools use SI units and CODATA 2018 physical constants.
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- KinematicsSolve uniformly accelerated motion: final velocity, displacement and average velocity from initial velocity, acceleration and time.
- Speed, Distance & Time CalculatorFind speed, distance or time — enter any two values and the third is calculated.
- Free Fall CalculatorTime to fall, impact velocity and energy for an object dropped from a height (no air resistance).
- Projectile Motion CalculatorProjectile motion: time of flight, range, maximum height and impact velocity from launch speed, angle and height.
- Force CalculatorNewton's second law F = m·a: find force, mass or acceleration from the other two, plus weight on Earth.
- Kinetic Energy & Momentum CalculatorCalculate kinetic energy and linear momentum of a moving mass.
- Gravitational Potential Energy CalculatorGravitational potential energy of a mass raised to a height, and the equivalent speed if it falls.
- Work & Power CalculatorCalculate mechanical work from force, distance and angle, and power from work and time.
- 1D Collision CalculatorFinal velocities after a one-dimensional elastic or perfectly inelastic collision, with momentum and kinetic energy check.
- Centripetal Force & Circular MotionCentripetal acceleration and force, angular velocity, period and frequency for uniform circular motion.
- Torque CalculatorTorque from force, lever arm length and angle, in N·m and lbf·ft.
- Newton's Law of Universal GravitationGravitational force between two masses separated by a distance r.
- Simple Pendulum Period CalculatorPeriod and frequency of a simple pendulum, with the large-amplitude correction.
- Spring CalculatorSpring force, elastic potential energy, and oscillation period/frequency of a mass on a spring.
- Density, Mass & Volume CalculatorCalculate density, mass or volume — enter any two of the three.
- Pressure CalculatorPressure from force and area (P = F/A) — enter any two of pressure, force and area.
- Hydrostatic Pressure CalculatorPressure at a depth in a fluid, gauge and absolute.
- Buoyant Force CalculatorBuoyant force on a submerged object and whether it floats or sinks.
- Wave Speed, Frequency & WavelengthRelate wave speed, frequency and wavelength: enter any two values. Works for sound, light and radio waves.
- Doppler Effect CalculatorObserved frequency when a sound source and/or observer move toward or away from each other.
- Snell's Law & Critical Angle CalculatorAngle of refraction from Snell's law, critical angle for total internal reflection, and light speed in each medium.
- Thin Lens & Mirror Equation CalculatorImage distance, magnification and image type for a thin lens or spherical mirror.
- Photon Energy CalculatorEnergy, frequency and momentum of a photon from its wavelength (Planck–Einstein relation), in joules and electronvolts.
- De Broglie Wavelength CalculatorMatter wavelength of a particle from its mass and velocity, with presets for electrons, protons and neutrons.
- Heat Energy CalculatorHeat required to change the temperature of a substance, with common specific heat capacities.
- Thermal Expansion CalculatorLinear and volumetric thermal expansion of a material for a temperature change.
- Black-Body RadiationRadiated power and peak wavelength of a black body or grey body at a given temperature.
- Special Relativity CalculatorLorentz factor, time dilation, length contraction and relativistic mass-energy for a given velocity.
- Mass–Energy EquivalenceConvert mass to energy with Einstein's E = mc², in joules, kWh, eV and tonnes of TNT.
- Coulomb's Law CalculatorElectrostatic force between two point charges and the electric field of the first charge.
- Sound Intensity & Decibel CalculatorConvert sound intensity (W/m²) to decibels and back, plus sound pressure.
- Speed of Sound in Air CalculatorSpeed of sound in dry air at a given temperature, and the distance to a lightning strike from the thunder delay.
- Hydrogen Spectral LinesWavelength and energy of hydrogen emission lines (Lyman, Balmer, Paschen…) between energy levels n₁ and n₂.